REFERENCES
[1] Lee KW et al, Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Oct
22;51(22):6516-20. [2] Wolfe K et al Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):609-14. [3] Shi D et al,
Antioxidant properties of apple juice and its protection against Cr(VI)-induced cellular injury. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol.
2002;21(3):233-42. [4] Hibasami H et al, Induction of apoptosis by three types of procyanidin isolated from apple (Rosaceae Malus
pumila) in human stomach cancer KATO III cells. Int J Mol Med. 2004 Jun;13(6):795-9. [5] Gosse F Chemopreventive properties of apple
procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 2005
Jul;26(7):1291-5. Epub 2005 Mar 24. [6] Gonzalez M Effects of orange and apple pectin on cholesterol concentration in serum, liver and
faeces. J Physiol Biochem. 1998 Jun;54(2):99-104. [7] Pirich C et al, Lowering cholesterol with Anticholest--a high fiber guar-apple
pectin drink Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1992;104(11):314-6. [8] Yuan L, et al, Impact of apple and grape juice consumption on the
antioxidant status in healthy subjects. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011 Jun 6. [9] Questions & Answers: Apple Juice and Arsenic, FDA website,
11-2011. [10] Okoko BJ, et al, Childhood asthma and fruit consumption. Eur Respir J. 2007 Jun;29(6):1161-8. [11] Garcia V et al, Dietary
intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2005 Sep;26(3):449-52. [12] Shishehbor F, et al, Apple cider vinegar attenuates
lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Dec 1;11(23):2634-8. [13] Song Y, et al, Associations of dietary flavonoids
with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and
cross-sectional analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Oct;24(5):376-84. [14] Lee JH et al, Apple Flavonoid Phloretin Inhibits Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Biofilm Formation and Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in Rats. Infect Immun. 2011 Dec;79(12):4819-27. [15] Yang J, et al,
Hepatoprotective effects of apple polyphenols on CCl4-induced acute liver damage in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 May
26;58(10):6525-31. [16] Yoshioka Y, et al, Orally administered apple procyanidins protect against experimental inflammatory bowel
disease in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Dec 20;8(13-14):1802-7. [17] de Oliveira MC, et al, A low-energy-dense diet adding fruit
reduces weight and energy intake in women. Appetite. 2008 Sep;51(2):291-5. [18] Puel C, et al, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an
apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005 Nov;77(5):311-8. [19] Conceição de
Oliveira M, et al, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Nutrition. 2003
Mar;19(3):253-6.
Eating Apple Benefits   November 29, 2011
Discuss with your doctor before taking any alternative medicine. This article is for
reference only, it is not a medical advice. All rights reserved. Do not copy this article to
other website or blog.
Eating Apple Benefits
Studies have shown that eating apples regularly is effective to lower risks of certain types of cancers and other chronic diseases. Its high contents
of antioxidants are important to the benefits.

Apple is a rich source of phenolic phytochemicals. These phenolic phytochemicals are important to apple’s antioxidant activity.  Researchers
determined that flavonoids such as quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B(2) are more important than vitamin C in apple’s total antioxidant
activity. [1] Phenolics are at high concentration in the peels of apples. Because applesauce and canned apple manufacture discard the antioxidant-
rich peels of apples, people are advised to eat fresh apples. Definitely, eating apples provides health benefits, while its products such as apple
cider vinegar and juice are also good to our health in general.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Eating Apple Health Benefits
Epidemiological studies have linked eating apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma,
and diabetes. Extensive research exists on apples and the health benefits of their beverages and phytochemicals.

Antioxidant Benefits
Most of the phytonutrients in apples are antioxidants, each of these phytonutrients is able to provide health benefits
individually, it is not surprising to see so many health benefits found from eating apple. One of the key benefits from
eating apple is related to its support to a healthy cardiovascular system. It helps lower the risk of atherosclerosis.
Further, apple is a good source of vitamin C, vitamin C allows a good taste of an apple and it also provides us health
benefits. Here we are going to review what health benefits apple give to us, according to research findings:

Anti-Asthma Benefits
Epidemiological studies have suggested that a high consumption of apples may protect against asthma and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. This benefit-effect has been attributed to their high flavonoid content. [11] A study has
shown that higher consumption of apple juice from concentrate and bananas may protect against wheezing in children.
[10]

Anti-Cancer Benefits
Eating apple benefits people at risk of certain cancers. Studies have shown that apple peels were more effective to
inhibit the growth of HepG(2) human liver cancer cells than the other apple components. [2] However, apple juice was
found to reduce Cr(VI)-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cell apoptosis, and NF-kappaB activation in human lung
epithelial A549 cells. [3] In a study, researchers extracted three different procyanidins from apple (Rosaceae Malus
pumila) and found these procyanidins induced apoptosis in human stomach cancer KATO III cells in both concentration-
and time-dependent fashions. [4] It was also found that oral apple procyanidins could reduce the total number of
hyperproliferative crypts and of aberrant crypt foci in rats suffered from colon cancer. Apple procyanidins may alter
intracellular signaling pathways, polyamine biosynthesis and trigger apoptosis in tumor cells. [5]

Anti-inflammation Benefits
The antioxidant phloretin, which is abundant in apples, markedly reduced E. coli O157:H7 biofilm formation without
affecting the growth of planktonic cells. Phloretin also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory bowel diseases.
[14] Thus, eating apple may offer benefits to those at risk of GI tract inflammation.

Blood Sugar Regulation Benefits
In a study of 38,018 women, among flavonoid-rich foods, apple and tea consumption was associated with diabetes risk.
Women consuming > or =1 apple/d showed a significant 28% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with those who
consumed no apples. [13] Thus, eating apple may benefit people at risk of diabetes.

In a study, the effect of apple cider vinegar on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid
profile in normal and diabetic rats was studied. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats. Both normal and diabetic
animals were fed with standard animal food containing apple cider vinegar (6% w/w) for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose
did not change, while HbA1c significantly decreased by apple cider vinegar in diabetic group. In normal rats fed with
vinegar, significant reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and significant increase of high density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were observed. Apple cider vinegar also reduced serum triglyceride levels and
increased HDL-c in diabetic animals. [12] These results indicate that apple cider vinegar benefits rats at risk of diabetes,
though it does not help to control the sugar level directly.

Benefits of Bone Loss Prevention
Aging and sex hormones related changes lead to inflammatory and oxidant conditions, which are involved in the
pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recent studies have suggested that polyphenols may exert a protective effect in such
conditions. In a study of rats, phloridzin (Phlo), a flavonoid exclusively found in apple, consumption provided protection
against ovariectomy-induced osteopenia under inflammation conditions by improving inflammation markers and bone
resorption. [18]

Cardiovascular Benefits
Apple pectin has been shown to be effective on decreasing cholesterol in liver and serum. Researchers fed normal rats
with apple pectin for three weeks and they found that a significant increase of cholesterol concentration in faeces,
decrease of hepatic and serum cholesterol. [6] Another group fed 33 subjects with a mixture of apple-pectin-guar, they
found that this mixture significantly reduced total c, LDL-c and the total c/HDL-c ratio and the highest individual reduction
amounted to more than 30% for total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. [7]

Liver Protection Benefits
A study shows that apple polyphenols has a significant protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4)
in mice, which may be due to its free radical scavenging effect, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and its ability to increase
antioxidant activity. [15] Thus, eating apple may offer benefits of liver protection.

Benefits for Skin Health
Apple procyanidins are natural biologically active compounds extracted from apple. Studies have shown that apple
procyanidins ameliorate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. [16]

Weight Loss Benefits
In a study of 49 women, intake of apples and pears were associated with weight reduction (-0.93 kg for the apple and
-0.84 for the pear group). [17] In another study, 411 women were randomized to receive one of three dietary
supplements: apples, pears, or oat cookies. Women were instructed to eat one supplement three times a day in a total of
six meals a day. Subjects were instructed by a dietitian to eat a diet (55% of energy from carbohydrate, 15% from
protein, and 30% from fat) to encourage weight reduction at the rate of 1 kg/mo. After 12 wk of follow-up, the fruit group
lost 1.22 kg. [19]
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Apple cider vinegar
Apple cider vinegar comes from pulverized apples. The main ingredient of apple cider vinegar is acetic acid. However, apple cider vinegar also
contains other acids, vitamins, mineral salts, and amino acids. Apple cider vinegar is purported to treat numerous diseases but most of these claims
have no evidence backing them up.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Apple Juice
Concomitant intake of apple and grape juice was found to be efficient in enhancing the body's antioxidant status. [8]

Arsenic
The U.S. FDA has been testing for arsenic in apple juice and other fruit juices for several years as part of FDA programs that look for harmful
substances in food. There is currently no evidence to suggest a public health risk from fruit juices, including apple juice. Organic and inorganic
forms of arsenic can be found in soil and ground water, and as a result, small amounts may be found in certain food and beverage products. [9]

Letters from the FDA to the Dr. Oz Show Regarding Apple Juice and Arsenic
The Food and Drug Administration has monitored fruit juices, including apple juice, for elevated levels of arsenic for several years as part of its
annual Total Diet Study and its toxic elements in foods program. When the Dr. Oz Show gave the FDA information suggesting that apple juice
samples it had tested showed results as high as 36 parts per billion (ppb) of total arsenic, the FDA obtained its own samples of apple juice—
including a sample of the same lot of apple juice purportedly containing 36 ppb—for analysis. The FDA’s test results do not support the findings of
the Dr. Oz Show, and, in fact, are significantly less (2 to 6 ppb) than the levels found by the television program’s analysis. Moreover, the vast
majority of apple juice samples tested by the FDA over that past 20 years show that apple juice typically contains less than 10 ppb total arsenic.
The FDA is committed to protecting the nation’s public health through programs such as its toxic elements in food monitoring efforts and by
providing consumers with scientifically credible information. FDA states that it would be irresponsible and misleading to suggest that apple juice
contains unsafe amounts of arsenic based on tests for total arsenic.

Patulin
Import Alert # 20-06, Date: 10/11/2011 "Detention Without Physical Examination of Apple Juice Products Due to Patulin" Patulin is a toxic substance
produced by molds that may grow on apples. In the past, patulin has been found to occur at high levels in some apple juice products offered for
sale in or imported into the United States.  As set out in Compliance Policy Guide 510.150 "Apple Juice, Apple Juice Concentrates and Apple Juice
Products-Adulteration with Patulin," the action level for Patulin is 50 ppb or above, as determined in single strength apple juice reconstituted; or
single strength apple juice (if the food is an apple juice concentrate) or the single strength apple juice component of the food (if the food contains
apple juice as an ingredient).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________Appendix_____________________________________________

Apple Juice

Arsenic
The U.S. FDA has been testing for arsenic in apple juice and other fruit juices for several years as part of FDA programs that look for harmful
substances in food. There is currently no evidence to suggest a public health risk from fruit juices, including apple juice. Organic and inorganic
forms of arsenic can be found in soil and ground water, and as a result, small amounts may be found in certain food and beverage products. [9]

Letters from the FDA to the Dr. Oz Show Regarding Apple Juice and Arsenic
The Food and Drug Administration has monitored fruit juices, including apple juice, for elevated levels of arsenic for several years as part of its
annual Total Diet Study and its toxic elements in foods program. When the Dr. Oz Show gave the FDA information suggesting that apple juice
samples it had tested showed results as high as 36 parts per billion (ppb) of total arsenic, the FDA obtained its own samples of apple juice—
including a sample of the same lot of apple juice purportedly containing 36 ppb—for analysis. The FDA’s test results do not support the findings of
the Dr. Oz Show, and, in fact, are significantly less (2 to 6 ppb) than the levels found by the television program’s analysis. Moreover, the vast
majority of apple juice samples tested by the FDA over that past 20 years show that apple juice typically contains less than 10 ppb total arsenic.
The FDA is committed to protecting the nation’s public health through programs such as its toxic elements in food monitoring efforts and by
providing consumers with scientifically credible information. FDA states that it would be irresponsible and misleading to suggest that apple juice
contains unsafe amounts of arsenic based on tests for total arsenic. [FDA WebSite, November 2011]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

September 9, 2011

Ms. Barbara Simon
Producer, The Dr. Oz Show

Mr. Terence Noonan
Supervising Producer, The Dr. Oz Show


VIA EMAIL and FAX


Ms. Simon:

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is aware that EMSL Analytical, Inc. has obtained and tested 50 samples of retail apple juice for total
arsenic content on behalf of Zoco Productions. It is our understanding that, based on these test results, you will assert during an upcoming episode
of The Dr. Oz Show that apple juice is unsafe because of the amounts of total arsenic found in the samples.

We appreciate that you have made the results of these tests available to us. As we have previously advised you, the results from total arsenic tests
CANNOT be used to determine whether a food is unsafe because of its arsenic content. We have explained to you that arsenic occurs naturally in
many foods in both inorganic and organic forms and that only the inorganic forms of arsenic are toxic, depending on the amount. We have advised
you that the test for total arsenic DOES NOT distinguish inorganic arsenic from organic arsenic.

The FDA has been aware of the potential for elevated levels of arsenic in fruit juices for many years and has been testing fruit juices for arsenic and
other elemental contaminants as part of FDA’s toxic elements in foods program. The FDA typically tests juice samples for total arsenic first, because
this test is rapid, accurate and cost effective. When total arsenic testing shows that a fruit juice sample has total arsenic in an amount greater than
23 parts per billion (ppb), we re-test the sample for its inorganic arsenic content. The vast majority of samples we have tested for total arsenic have
less than 23 ppb. We consider the test results for inorganic arsenic on a case-by-case basis and take regulatory action as appropriate.

The analytical method for inorganic arsenic is much more complicated than the method for total arsenic. You can find the method that FDA uses to
test for inorganic arsenic at this web address:

http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ElementalAnalysisManualEAM/
ucm219640.htm1

The FDA believes that it would be irresponsible and misleading for The Dr. Oz Show to suggest that apple juice contains unsafe amounts of arsenic
based solely on tests for total arsenic. Should The Dr. Oz Show choose to suggest that apple juice is unsafe because of the amounts of total
arsenic found by EMSL Analytical, Inc.’s testing, the FDA will post this letter on its website.



Sincerely,



/S/
Don L. Zink, Ph.D.
Senior Science Advisor
U.S. Food and Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Second Letter from the FDA to The Dr. Oz Show Regarding Apple Juice and Arsenic (09/13/2011)

Department of Health and Human Services logoDepartment of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
Food and Drug Administration
College Park, MD 20740

September 13, 2011


Ms. Barbara Simon
Producer, The Dr. Oz Show

Mr. Terence Noonan
Supervising Producer, The Dr. Oz Show


VIA EMAIL and FAX


Ms. Simon:

Since learning of the results for total arsenic in apple juice samples that your show submitted to EMSL Analytical, Inc., investigators from the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) went to Nestle/Gerber to collect samples of apple juice for analysis. Our investigators collected a sample from
Nestle Infant Nutrition – Gerber Products, Co. of the same lot number of apple juice (Lot # 1157515791) that EMSL Analytical, Inc., reported to
contain 36 ppb total arsenic. Our investigators also collected samples from additional lots of Nestle/Gerber apple juice.

The results of tests performed by the FDA on the Nestle/Gerber apple juice samples are as follows:

FDA Sample Total Arsenic Result (Average)
Sample 659595 Lot #1157515791 2.0 ppb
Sample 659596 Lot #1125515762 4.0 ppb
Sample 659597 Lot #1125515761 6.0 ppb
Sample 710623 Lot #1059515761 5.0 ppb
Sample 710624 Lot #1059515762 5.0 ppb
Sample 710625 Lot #1157515761 2.0 ppb
Sample 710626 Lot #1157515762 3.0 ppb

During its investigation, the FDA learned that Nestle/Gerber had tested samples in their own laboratory, including a sample from Lot #1157515791,
and submitted those samples to two different food testing laboratories for arsenic testing. The results of these tests for total arsenic in Lot #
1157515791 are substantially in agreement with the results of the tests performed by the FDA. We understand that Nestle/Gerber has provided
these results to you. Based on our investigation and testing, we are concerned that some of the results reported to you by EMSL Analytical, Inc.,
may be erroneously high. The analysis of foods can pose a challenge to analytical laboratories and seemingly minor variations in sample treatment
and analysis can have a significant effect on results.

In short, the results of the tests cited above do not indicate that apple juice contains unsafe amounts of arsenic. The FDA reaffirms its belief, as
stated in our September 9, 2011 letter, that it would be irresponsible and misleading for the Dr. Oz Show to suggest that apple juice is unsafe based
on tests for total arsenic.



Sincerely,



/S/
Don L. Zink, Ph.D.
Senior Science Advisor
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Reference
http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm271746.htm